Default Title

NULL	VOID
Represents a null pointer.	Represents the absence of a data type.

Highest Common Factor (HCF)

The HCF of two or more integers is the largest positive integer that divides each of the integers without leaving a remainder. It's also known as the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD).

For example:

The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12.
The factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 18.
The common factors of 12 and 18 are 1, 2, 3, and 6.
Therefore, the highest common factor (HCF) of 12 and 18 is 6.

Methods for finding HCF:

Listing Factors: This method works well for smaller numbers. List all the factors of each number and identify the largest common factor.
Prime Factorization: This is a more efficient method for larger numbers. Express each number as a product of its prime factors. The HCF is the product of the common prime factors raised to the lowest power.
For example, to find the HCF of 12 and 18:
- 12 = 2² × 3
- 18 = 2 × 3²
- The common prime factors are 2 and 3. The lowest power of 2 is 2¹ and the lowest power of 3 is 3¹. Therefore, HCF(12, 18) = 2 × 3 = 6.
Euclidean Algorithm: This is an efficient algorithm for finding the HCF of two numbers, especially large ones. It involves repeatedly applying the division algorithm until the remainder is 0. The last non-zero remainder is the HCF.

Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)

The LCM of two or more integers is the smallest positive integer that is a multiple of each of the integers.

For example:

The multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, 48, 60...
The multiples of 18 are 18, 36, 54, 72...
The common multiples of 12 and 18 are 36, 72, 108...
Therefore, the lowest common multiple (LCM) of 12 and 18 is 36.

Methods for finding LCM:

Listing Multiples: This method is suitable for smaller numbers. List the multiples of each number until you find the smallest common multiple.
Prime Factorization: Similar to finding the HCF, express each number as a product of its prime factors. The LCM is the product of all prime factors raised to the highest power.
For example, to find the LCM of 12 and 18:
- 12 = 2² × 3
- 18 = 2 × 3²
- The prime factors are 2 and 3. The highest power of 2 is 2² and the highest power of 3 is 3². Therefore, LCM(12, 18) = 2² × 3² = 4 × 9 = 36.
Using the HCF: There's a useful relationship between HCF and LCM: For any two positive integers a and b, LCM(a, b) × HCF(a, b) = a × b. This can be used to find the LCM if you already know the HCF (or vice versa).

Understanding HCF and LCM is crucial for simplifying fractions, solving problems related to ratios and proportions, and even in areas like music theory (finding the least common denominator for rhythmic patterns).

Top iGATE Interview Questions: Technical and HR

iGATE Company Overview

iGATE (now part of Capgemini) was a global IT services company offering consulting, technology, and outsourcing services. Founded in 1996, it was acquired by Capgemini in 2015. iGATE had a large global presence and a wide range of service offerings.

iGATE Recruitment Process

iGATE's recruitment typically involved three rounds:

Written Test
Technical Interview
HR Interview

First Round: Written Test

The written test assessed aptitude and English proficiency.

Section	Number of Questions
English Proficiency	20
Quantitative Aptitude	15
Logical Reasoning	15

Aptitude Questions

Question 1: Mansi and her grandfather's average age is 40; their ages are in a 1:3 ratio. What's Mansi's age?

Answer:

20
Question 2: Calculate: 25% of 350 + 35% of 250

Answer:

175
Question 3: Probability of drawing two non-green balls from a bag with 2 blue, 3 yellow, and 2 green balls?

Answer:

10/21
Question 4: A salary decreased by 40% and then increased by 40%. What's the net change?

Answer:

16% decrease
Question 5: A class average increased by 0.5 due to a wrongly entered score (93 instead of 73). How many students?

Answer:

40
Question 6: A person walks at 4 km/h, taking 3 hours 45 minutes. How long would it take at 12.5 km/h?

Answer:

72 minutes
Question 7: A park's length:breadth is 2:1. A person runs around it at 10 km/h in 9 minutes. Find the area.

Answer:

405,000 sq. m
Question 8: A and B do a job in 30 days. After 20 days, B leaves, and A finishes in 20 more days. How long would B take alone?

Answer:

60 days
Question 9: Aman and Rahul's ages are 3:4. In 6 years, Aman will be 27. What is Rahul's current age?

Answer:

28 years

Verbal Ability Questions

Correct the sentence: If Riya ____ ready ____ in the house, I will rent it.

Answer:

is, to stay
Correct the sentence: John _______ along the road.

Answer:

ran
Fill in the blank: _______ a match to light the candle.

Answer:

Strike
Correct the sentence: These instructions must be followed by every student _______ the semester _______ exception.

Answer:

throughout, without
Correct the sentence: In Rohan's family, when they sit at _______ dining table, the family likes to do all _______ chitchatting.

Answer:

the, their
Correct the sentence: I miss ________ the today's news.

Answer:

watching
Antonym of QUIESCENT:

Answer:

Active
Sentence ordering: for the rest of the year; to buy anything else; if we use up the money; I think; we wouldn't be able

Answer:

4, 3, 5, 2, 1
Correct the sentence: Priya was laughing so hard _______ Ravi's joke that she fell _______ her chair ________ the floor.

Answer:

at, off, onto
Correct the sentence: Success in the IAS examination depends ....... hard work only.

Answer:

on

Logical Reasoning Questions

Next number: 14, 28, 20, 40, 32, 64...?

Answer:

56
Odd one out: Dodge, Duck, Avoid, Flee

Answer:

Flee
Next term: 8, 6, 9, 23, 87...?

Answer:

429
Next term: 3, 7, 13, 27, 53...?

Answer:

107
Fill the blank: CMN, EOP, GQR, ___, KUV

Answer:

IST
Analogy: PAIN : SEDATIVE

Answer:

Grief : Consolation

Technical Interview Questions

Prepare for questions related to your resume, projects, and areas of interest. Be ready to discuss your technical skills in detail.

Low-Level vs. High-Level Programming Languages

Low-Level Language	High-Level Language
Machine-dependent; closer to hardware; difficult to write and debug.	Machine-independent; easier to write and debug; more abstract.

Interfaces in Java

Interfaces define a contract that classes must implement; they promote abstraction and multiple inheritance.

Immutable Classes in Java

An immutable class cannot be modified after creation. Make the class final, fields final, and provide only getter methods.

Polymorphism

Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common type.

Inheritance

Inheritance allows classes to inherit properties and methods from parent classes.

Types of Inheritance

Single
Multiple
Multilevel
Hierarchical
Hybrid

Demonstrating Inheritance

Java Code (Conceptual)


class ParentClass { /*...*/ }
class ChildClass extends ParentClass { /*...*/ }

The `static` Keyword

The static keyword indicates a class member (variable or method) that belongs to the class itself, not an instance of the class.

Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Abstraction

Encapsulation

Encapsulation is the bundling of data (variables) and methods (functions) that operate on that data within a single unit, such as a class. This protects the data from accidental or unauthorized access from outside the class. Access to the data is typically controlled through methods (getters and setters) that provide controlled ways to interact with the data. This promotes data integrity and reduces the risk of errors.

Example: A BankAccount class might encapsulate account balance, account number, and methods like deposit() and withdraw(). The internal balance is protected, and changes are made only through these methods.

Inheritance

Inheritance is a mechanism that allows you to create new classes (child classes or subclasses) based on existing classes (parent classes or superclasses). The child class inherits the properties (data) and methods of the parent class, and can also add its own unique properties and methods or override existing ones. This promotes code reusability and reduces redundancy.

Example: A SavingsAccount class could inherit from a BankAccount class. It would automatically inherit properties like accountNumber and balance, and could add its own specific methods related to interest calculations.

Abstraction

Abstraction is the process of hiding complex implementation details and showing only essential information to the user. It simplifies the interaction with an object by providing a higher-level interface. Abstraction is often achieved using abstract classes or interfaces, which define a common structure but leave the implementation details to be filled in by concrete subclasses.

Example: A Shape class might be abstract, defining methods like area() and perimeter(). Concrete subclasses like Circle and Rectangle would then provide the specific implementations for calculating area and perimeter for their respective shapes.

Database Normalization

Database normalization is a process used in databases to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. It involves organizing data into tables in such a way that database integrity constraints properly enforce dependencies. This typically involves splitting databases into two or more tables and defining relationships between the tables.

The goal of normalization is to isolate data so that additions, deletions, and modifications of a field can be made in just one table and then propagated through the rest of the database via the defined relationships.

Normalization is achieved through a series of normal forms, with each form addressing specific types of redundancy:

First Normal Form (1NF): Eliminate repeating groups of data within a table. Each column should contain only atomic values (single values, not lists or arrays).
Second Normal Form (2NF): Be in 1NF and eliminate redundant data caused by partial dependencies. Non-key attributes should be fully functionally dependent on the entire primary key.
Third Normal Form (3NF): Be in 2NF and eliminate redundant data caused by transitive dependencies. Non-key attributes should not be dependent on other non-key attributes.
Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): A stricter version of 3NF, addressing certain anomalies not covered by 3NF.
Fourth Normal Form (4NF): Addresses multi-valued dependencies.
Fifth Normal Form (5NF): Addresses join dependencies.

Higher normal forms generally lead to less redundancy but can sometimes increase the complexity of database queries.

Low-Level Language	High-Level Language
Machine-dependent; closer to hardware.	Machine-independent; more abstract and easier to use.

Top Infosys Interview Questions: Aptitude, Technical, and HR

About Infosys

Infosys is a leading global technology company headquartered in Bengaluru, India. They provide IT services and consulting to businesses worldwide. Infosys's recruitment process is designed to assess candidates' skills and potential.

Infosys Academic Requirements

Minimum 60% in 10th and 12th standard.
Minimum 65% in B.Tech (Computer Science, Information Technology, or Electronics and Communication).
No pending backlogs at the time of the interview.

Infosys Recruitment Process

Infosys's recruitment process typically includes three rounds:

Online Test (Aptitude, Logical Reasoning, Verbal Ability)
Technical Interview
HR Interview

First Round: Online Test

This round assesses your aptitude and English language skills through multiple-choice questions.

Aptitude Questions

Question 1: X and Y shoot birds in a 5:3 ratio. X kills 1 in 3 shots, Y kills 1 in 2. If Y misses 27 times, how many birds did X kill?

Answer:

30
Question 2: Compound interest: Rs. 1200 becomes Rs. 1348.32 in 2 years. Find the rate.

Answer:

6%
Question 3: What doesn't belong: Parsley, Basil, Dill, Mayonnaise?

Answer:

Mayonnaise
Question 4: What doesn't belong: Inch, Ounce, Centimeter, Yard?

Answer:

Ounce
Question 5: What doesn't belong: Tyre, Steering Wheel, Engine, Car?

Answer:

Car
Question 6: Next term in the series: a/3, b/6, c/12, d/24...?

Answer:

e/48
Question 7: Rafeek walks 20m North, 30m East, 35m East, 15m South, 15m South. Where is he now?

Answer:

45 meters East
Question 8: Pratima walks 25m West, 10m South, 15m East, 30m NE (135 degrees). What direction is she facing?

Answer:

South-West

Verbal Ability Questions

Correct this sentence: Some patients _______ to physician assistants in recent years.

Answer:

have been going
Correct this sentence: One more developed model of this bike ... in the showroom.

Answer:

will be shown
Fill in the blank: I am ____ to have him ____ here.

Answer:

pleased, arrive
Correct the sentence: The owner dispensed ... the services of his servant.

Answer:

with
Correct the sentence: The two friends have fallen ....

Answer:

out
Antonym of QUIESCENT:

Answer:

Active
Correct spelling: Frostbite, Fretricide, Frenzy, Franchise

Answer:

Fratricide
Correct spelling: Absess, Accessory, Abstinence, Abrasive

Answer:

Abscess
Correct spelling: Profligacy, Hypocricy, Bureaucracy, Prophecy

Answer:

Hypocrisy
Synonym/Antonym Pair: (1) Tranquility (2) Loyalty (3) Calamity (4) Uproar

Answer:

1-4 (Antonyms)
Synonym/Antonym Pair: (1) Opaque (2) Translucent (3) Transverse (4) Transvestite

Answer:

1-2 (Antonyms)
Synonym/Antonym Pair: (1) Vilification (2) Nullification (3) Denigration (4) Falsification

Answer:

1-3 (Synonyms)

Technical Interview Questions

Technical questions assess your understanding of fundamental computer science concepts, data structures, algorithms, and programming.

Polymorphism

Polymorphism enables objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common type.

Linked Lists

A linked list is a data structure where elements are connected using pointers. It is dynamic; elements can be added or removed efficiently.

Database Normalization, Joins, and Keys

(Descriptions of these database concepts would go here)

Inheritance

Inheritance is an OOP concept where a class inherits properties and methods from a parent class.

Types of Inheritance

Single
Multiple
Multilevel
Hierarchical
Hybrid

Inheritance Example

Java Code (Conceptual)


class Animal { /*...*/ }
class Dog extends Animal { /*...*/ }

Constructors in Java

(Description of constructors in Java would go here)

Destructors in Java

(Description of destructors in Java would go here)

Static Keyword in Java

(Description of the static keyword in Java would go here)

Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Abstraction

(Descriptions of these OOP principles would go here)

Checking for Circular Linked Lists

(Description of how to check for circular linked lists would go here)

`itoa()` Function in C

(Description of the itoa() function would go here)

Calculating Class Size

(Description of how to calculate the size of a C++ class would go here)

Pointer Arithmetic in C

(Description of pointer arithmetic in C would go here)

C++ vs. C

C++	C
Object-oriented.	Procedural.

Smallest Java Package

(Description of the smallest package in the Java API would go here)

Searching Techniques

(Description of searching techniques, including linear and binary search, would go here)

Advantages of Selection Sort

(Description of the advantages of Selection Sort would go here)

Applications of Multi-Linked Structures

(Description of the applications of multi-linked structures would go here)

NULL vs. VOID in C

NULL	VOID
Represents a null pointer value.	Indicates the absence of a data type.

HCF and LCM

(Explanation of Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple would go here)

Example: Swapping Two Numbers Without a Temporary Variable (C)

C Code


void swap(int *x, int *y) {
  *x = *x + *y;
  *y = *x - *y;
  *x = *x - *y;
}

Output of C Program

Output

10 12 12

Top EXL Service Interview Questions (Part 2): Puzzles, Technical, and HR

Puzzle Questions

Technical Interview Questions

Low-Level vs. High-Level Programming Languages

Interfaces in Java

Creating Immutable Classes in Java

Immutability of the String Class in Java

Constructor Inheritance in Java

The static Keyword in Java

Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Abstraction

Database Normalization

Checking for Circular Linked Lists

itoa() Function in C

Calculating Class Size in C++

Pointer Arithmetic in C

C++ vs. C

Smallest Java Package

Searching Techniques

Linear Search Algorithm

Advantages of Selection Sort

Applications of Multi-Linked Structures

NULL vs. VOID in C

HCF and LCM

Highest Common Factor (HCF)

Methods for finding HCF:

Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)

Methods for finding LCM:

Top iGATE Interview Questions: Technical and HR

iGATE Company Overview

iGATE Recruitment Process

First Round: Written Test

Aptitude Questions

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Verbal Ability Questions

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Logical Reasoning Questions

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Answer:

Technical Interview Questions

Low-Level vs. High-Level Programming Languages

Interfaces in Java

Immutable Classes in Java

Polymorphism

Inheritance

Types of Inheritance

Demonstrating Inheritance

Java Code (Conceptual)

The static Keyword

Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Abstraction

Encapsulation

Inheritance

Abstraction

Database Normalization

Top HCL Technologies Interview Questions

About HCL Technologies

HCL's Academic Requirements

HCL's Recruitment Process

First Round: Written Test

Aptitude Questions

The `static` Keyword in Java

`itoa()` Function in C

The `static` Keyword

The `static` Keyword